Formerly American Ambassador to Turkey
ILLUSTRATED
Fig. 1. HENRY
I MORGENTHAU,
American Ambassador at Constantinople from 1913 to 1916
GARDEN CITY NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1918
.
TO
WOODROW WILSON
THE EXPONENT IN AMERICA OF THE ENLIGHTENED PUBLIC OPINION OF THE WORLD, WHICH HAS DECREED THAT THE RIGHTS OF SMALL NATIONS SHALL BE RESPECTED AND THAT SUCH CRIMES AS ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK SHALL NEVER AGAIN DARKEN THE PAGES OF HISTORY.
PREFACE
By this time the American people have probably become convinced that the Germans deliberately planned the conquest of the world. Yet they hesitate to convict on circumstantial evidence and for this reason all eye witnesses to this, the greatest crime in modern history, should volunteer their testimony.
I have therefore laid aside any scruples I had as to the propriety of disclosing to my fellow countrymen the facts which I learned while representing them in Turkey. I acquired this knowledge as the servant of the American people, and it is their property as much as it is mine.
I greatly regret that I have been obliged to omit an account of the splendid activities of the American Missionary and Educational Institutions in Turkey, but to do justice to this subject would require a book by itself. I have had to omit the story of the Jews in Turkey for the same reasons.
My thanks are due to my friend, Mr. Burton J. Hendrick, for the invaluable assistance he has rendered in the preparation of the book.
HENRY MORGENTHAU.
October, 1918.
| A German superman at Constantinople | |
| The "Boss System" in the Ottoman Empire and how it proved useful to Germany | |
| "The personal representative of the Kaiser." Wangenheim opposes the sale of American warships to Greece | |
| Germany mobilizes the Turkish army | |
| Wangenheim smuggles the Goeben and the Breslau through the Dardanelles | |
| Wangenheim tells the American Ambassador how the Kaiser started the war | |
| Germany's plans for new territories, coaling stations, and indemnities | |
| A classic instance of German propaganda | |
| Germany closes the Dardanelles and so separates Russia from her Allies | |
| Turkey's abrogation of the capitulations. Enver living in a palace, with plenty of money and an imperial bride | |
| Germany forces Turkey into the war | |
| The Turks attempt to treat alien enemies decently, but the Germans insist on persecuting them | |
| The invasion of the Notre Dame de Sion School | |
| Wangenheim and the Bethlehem Steel Company. A "Holy War" that was made in Germany | |
| Djemal, a troublesome Mark Antony. The first German attempt to get a German peace | |
| The Turks prepare to flee from Constantinople and establish a new capital in Asia Minor. The Allied fleet bombarding the Dardanelles | |
| Enver as the man who demonstrated "the vulnerability of the British fleet." Old-fashioned defenses of the Dardanelles | |
| The Allied armada sails away, though on the brink of victory | |
XIX. |
A fight for three thousand civilians |
XX. |
More adventures of the foreign residents |
| Bulgaria on the auction block | |
XXII. |
The Turk reverts to the ancestral type |
| The "Revolution" at Van | |
XXIV. |
The murder of a nation |
XXV. |
Talaat tells why he deports the Armenians |
XXVI. |
Enver Pasha discusses the Armenians |
| "I shall do nothing for the Armenians," says the German Ambassador | |
| Enver again moves for peace. Farewell to the Sultan and to Turkey | |
XXIX. |
Von Jagow, Zimmermann, and German-Americans |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
| Henry Morgenthau. | |
| Mrs. Henry Morgenthau with Soeur Jeanne | |
| Constantinople from the American Embassy | |
| Beylerbey palace on the Bosphorus | |
| The American Embassy at Constantinople | |
| Henry Morgenthau, American Ambassador to Turkey, 1913-1916 | |
| Talaat Pasha, ex-Grand Vizier of Turkey | |
| Turkish infantry | |
| Turkish cavalry | |
| Bustány Effendi | |
| Mohammed V, late Sultan of Turkey | |
| Sultan's carriage at American Embassy | |
| Wangenheim, the German Ambassador | |
| The Sultan, Mohammed V, going to his regular Friday prayers | |
| Talaat and Enver at a military review | |
| Baron Von Wangenheim, German Ambassador to Turkey | |
| Djemal Pasha, Minister of Marine | |
| The Marquis Garroni, Italian Ambassador to the Sublime Porte in 1914 | |
| M. Tocheff, Bulgarian Minister at Constantinople | |
| The American summer Embassy on the Bosphorus | |
| Enver Pasha, Minister of War | |
| Saïd Halim, Ex-grand Vizier | |
| Sir Louis Mallet and M. Bompard | |
| Gen. Liman von Sanders | |
| German and Turkish officers on board the Goeben | |
| Bedri Bey, Prefect of Police at Constantinople; Djavid Bey, Minister of Finance in Turkish Cabinet | |
| The British Embassy | |
| Robert College at Constantinople | |
| The American Embassy Staff | |
| The Modern Turkish soldier | |
29. |
The Ministry of War |
30. |
The Ministry of Marine. |
31. |
Halil Bey in Berlin; Talaat and Kühlmann |
32. |
General Mertens |
33. |
The Red Crescent |
34. |
Enver Pasha |
35. |
Turkish quarters at the Dardanelles |
36. |
Looking north to the city of Gallipoli |
37. |
The British ship Albion |
38. |
The Dardanelles as it was March 16, 1915 |
39. |
Tchemenlik and Fort Anadolu Hamidié |
40. |
Fort Dardanos |
41. |
The American ward of the Turkish hospital |
42. |
Students of the Constantinople College |
43. |
Abdul Hamid |
44. |
A characteristic view of the Armenian country |
45. |
Fishing village on Lake Van |
46. |
Refugees at Van crowding around a public oven, hoping to get bread |
47. |
Kaiser William II, in the uniform of a Turkish Field Marshal |
48. |
Interior of the Armenian church at Urfa |
49. |
Armenian soldiers |
50. |
Those who fell by the wayside . . . . . . |
51. |
A view of Harpoot |
52. |
View of Urfa |
53. |
A relic of the Armenian massacres at Erzingan |
54. |
The funeral of Baron von Wangenheim. |
Chapter One: A German superman at Constantinople
